# LaTeX

## Learning Objectives

• Preamble
• Macros
• References

If you have been following along you should have roughly the following document in ShareLatex. You should also havea folder called images with the following two files in it. space_rocket.pdf and polarplot.eps.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{ {images/} }

\title{Latex Intro}
\author{Andre Geldenhuis and Sarah Hoyte }
\date{April 2015}

\begin{document}

\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\listoffigures

\section{Introduction}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce risus
urna, finibus at augue luctus, mattis mollis tellus. Aliquam consequat
accumsan magna sit amet vestibulum. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et
magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Maecenas ut
pellentesque mauris. Nulla ac dolor at leo hendrerit interdum. Etiam
vulputate posuere nisi in tincidunt. Sed non scelerisque purus. Phasellus
efficitur faucibus nisl, eget posuere urna. Phasellus tincidunt dui
lacus, in semper nulla volutpat eget. Pellentesque habitant morbi
tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.
Suspendisse nibh massa, rhoncus aliquam mattis in, ultrices eu urna.
Vivamus in accumsan erat. See equation \ref{eq:TooComplex} on page \pageref{eq:TooComplex}.

\section{Thesis}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In eu nisl nisi. Curabitur sagittis sodales laoreet. Fusce efficitur dictum orci, sed viverra ex ullamcorper a. Morbi sem libero, placerat eu augue nec, hendrerit eleifend tortor. Curabitur auctor magna eget hendrerit accumsan. Aenean faucibus magna sed enim ullamcorper vulputate. Aliquam non eros ac quam sollicitudin cursus eu ac est. Donec consectetur eget nibh id mollis. Quisque euismod diam velit, quis pretium justo accumsan id. Figure \ref{fig:CoolRocket} on page \pageref{fig:CoolRocket}

\subsection{Abstract}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris facilisis, diam pretium pretium lobortis, metus dolor fermentum augue, ultrices consequat dolor tortor nec risus. Aenean sagittis hendrerit turpis, a porta eros facilisis in. In efficitur posuere risus, eu ullamcorper arcu. Morbi fermentum auctor arcu, non interdum ligula placerat maximus. Morbi nec metus et urna gravida rhoncus. Donec interdum, nisi vitae volutpat vehicula, odio eros pulvinar mauris, ac mollis elit enim sit amet diam. Ut blandit hendrerit luctus. Duis eget augue sed mi pellentesque mattis non finibus libero. Aliquam rhoncus, orci tempus consectetur mattis, enim turpis dignissim eros, sit amet sollicitudin justo turpis a justo. See Figure \ref{fig:CoolRocket}

\section{Math Mode}

$\alpha \rightarrow \Rightarrow \exists \forall$
$\acute{e}$

$\hat{a} , \acute{a} , \bar{a} , \dot{a} , \breve{a} , \check{a} , \grave{a} , \vec{a} , \ddot{a} , \tilde{a}$

$hello^2$ $hello_2$ $hello_{world}$

$\frac{topline}{bottomline}$

$$\int_0^\infty e^{-x^2} dx=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}$$

$$\underbrace{a+\overbrace{b+\cdots}^{{}=t}+z} _{\mathrm{total}} ~~ a+{\overbrace{b+\cdots}}^{126}+z \label{eq:TooComplex}$$

\section{Images}

\begin{figure}[h]
\caption{Cool Polar plot\label{fig:CoolPolarPlot}}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.2\paperwidth]{polarplot}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\caption{The Rocket Equation $\Delta V = \nu_e \ln\frac{m_0}{m_1}$\label{fig:CoolRocket}}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.2\paperwidth]{space_rocket}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Now that we have a more substantive document, we can experiment with changing the preamble to automatically make large changes to our document. In first lesson we noticed that LaTeX makes a document with large margins in order to manage to words per line. One elegant way to make better use of space is to use a two column layout. This is done by adding an argument to the \documentclass{article} on the first line.

Add [twocolumn] to your document class.

## More reasonable margins

LaTeX has automatically reduced the size of the margins in order to as it needs a bit more room for the correct words per line in two column layouts. Note you can manually set the margin size by using commands in the preamble.

Some changes made in the preamble can be more subtle.

## Microtype

Add the package microtype in your preamble \usepackage{microtype}

These changes are subtle modifications on the inter word spacing and kerning. It tends to make your document look just a little bit better. Tips on Writing a Thesis in LaTeX provides a good overview of what it does.

If you want to add coloured fonts to your document, you will need to include the package \usepackage{color}. You can then add colour to text by using a textcolor environment. \textcolor{red}{some text I want red}

## Colour some text

Add some colour to your document. Remember you will be using the American spelling of colour!

## More colours

You may notice that there an't many colours you can directly use with the simple \usepackage{color}. If you need more colours you can either use the xcolor argument \usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{xcolor} which gives you 68 more named colours or you can predefine your own colours in your preamble. Google has good resources on this.

Suppose that in the process of writing your document you need to add red text quite regularly, typing \textcolor{red}{some text I want red} every time might get a bit tiresome. This is where macros come in, they are one of LaTeX most powerful features. Macros allow you to create new, custom commands for LaTeX. In fact LaTeX is just TeX with many macros that make things easier.

## Make a macro

Lets make a new command called \colourtxt we do this by adding the following commands into the preamble \newcommand{\colourtxt} [1] { \textcolor{red}{#1} }. To make some text red in your document, use \colourtxt{The Text I want red}. Note that LaTeX ignores spaces in commands, so I have spaced this line out more than you usually would to try to clarify it a bit.

## Macro Syntax

The syntax can seem a bit confusing at first, it helps to break it down. \newcommand{\colourtxt} creates our new command. [1] specifies that we have one argument for our new command. { \textcolor{red}{#1} } is the set of commands that run whenever we call \colourtxt. In fact we could have put as many commands into this { } pair as we liked to do arbitrarily complicated things. However in this case the only command we are running is \textcolor{red}{#1} the {#1} gets replaced by whatever we put inside the \colourtxt{sometext} brackets.

Use you macro to make some text in your document red.

## Make global changes

Suppose you now decided that you would rather the text were green. Because you used a macro, you can just change the colour in the macro definition rather than everywhere you added colour.

The last thing we will cover today is referencing. Download the following bibliography file. Upload it to your ShareLatex document. It doesn't need to be in its own folder.

We can now add a simple bibliography by adding the following just above our end{document} command.

\bibliography{references}
\bibliographystyle{plain}

To use the bibliography we use the cite keys in the .bib file. We use the \cite{key} to add the citation to our document.